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<!-- DFIN ActiveDisclosure(SM) XBRL Schema Document - http://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- Creation Date      : 2022-11-07T21:14:01.3926093+00:00 -->
<!-- Version            : 5.0.1.753 -->
<!-- Package ID         : 29b2384d14cb4fbf85380f6e37cffcf0 -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2022 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
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  <xsd:element id="tsha_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGrantDateFairValue" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodGrantDateFairValue" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsReplacementUnitsGrantsInPeriod" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardEquityInstrumentsOtherThanOptionsReplacementUnitsGrantsInPeriod" type="xbrli:sharesItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm1" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantedWeightedAverageRemainingContractualTerm1" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodIntrinsicValue" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsGrantsInPeriodIntrinsicValue" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsCancelledOrForfeitedInPeriodIntrinsicValue" name="ShareBasedCompensationArrangementByShareBasedPaymentAwardOptionsCancelledOrForfeitedInPeriodIntrinsicValue" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_DurhamLeaseMember" name="DurhamLeaseMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_OperatingLeasesInitialDirectCosts" name="OperatingLeasesInitialDirectCosts" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_BuildToSuitAsset" name="BuildToSuitAsset" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_BuiltToSuitLeaseLiability" name="BuiltToSuitLeaseLiability" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="instant" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="credit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_EquipmentPurchasesAndBuildOutOfLeasedFacility" name="EquipmentPurchasesAndBuildOutOfLeasedFacility" type="xbrli:monetaryItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" xbrli:balance="debit" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_ExitAndDisposalActivitiesMember" name="ExitAndDisposalActivitiesMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_UpfrontPaymentPeriod" name="UpfrontPaymentPeriod" type="xbrli:durationItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="false" />
  <xsd:element id="tsha_UnderwrittenPublicOfferingMember" name="UnderwrittenPublicOfferingMember" type="dtr-types:domainItemType" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" xbrli:periodType="duration" nillable="true" abstract="true" />
</xsd:schema>
